WHAT THE EVIDENCE SAYS
Lab systems with Spirodela and Lemna showed substantial nutrient reductions at low copper doses, whereas doses at 3 mg/L and above reduced plant vigor and nutrient removal. Spirodela appeared more tolerant.
WHY IT MATTERS / OUR READ
Plant-based wastewater treatment has operational chemistry limits, not a universal removal rate.
CAVEATS / UNCERTAINTY
Controlled effluent experiments cannot establish field compliance, seasonal durability or safe metal handling.
SOURCE
Discover Environment (26 Oct 2026)
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