WHAT THE EVIDENCE SAYS
Four marinas yielded 71 taxa across 33 surveys and 131 sampling events during 2013–2025. Cumulative non-indigenous richness climbed to 27–30 species per marina, representing 45–48% of recorded fouling species. Warm-period survey richness differed from cooler-season multi-year assemblage turnover.
WHY IT MATTERS / OUR READ
A marina is an ongoing biological introduction interface, not an event that can be assessed from one annual inspection.
CAVEATS / UNCERTAINTY
Recorded taxa do not by themselves quantify offshore ecological harm or distinguish all independent introduction routes. Peer-reviewed accepted version released 2 November; final layout pending.
SOURCE
Scientific Reports — Ramalhosa et al. (2 Nov 2026; accepted early version)
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