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Morning Brief Global edition

September 16, 2026 · Issue 006

Today’s strongest thread is that ecological interventions become more effective when location, configuration, history and implementation capacity are treated as part of the treatment rather than as background context. Peatland restoration delivers very different climate returns depending on where it is placed; tropical rainforest loss is being compounded by growing edge exposure; pastoral adaptation works better when forecast information is paired with practical risk buffers; and disease management for Asia’s endemic wild pigs now has to connect wildlife conservation with livestock systems. Across restoration, working lands, cities and infrastructure, the useful question is rarely just whether to restore, protect or reduce pressure—it is where, how, under what starting conditions, and with what institutional capacity.

Editorial thread to watch

Three patterns recur. First, configuration matters: forest edges, prairie seed ratios, post-fire pinyon microsites and urban green-space geometry all alter outcomes after coarse habitat categories stop being informative. Second, implementation systems matter: beaver-dam analogues can rebuild drought refuges, while nature-based shoreline projects can still stall inside regulatory systems designed for static infrastructure. Third, single-axis management labels remain dangerous. Reduced inputs did not explain soil condition as well as cropping-system identity, artificial reefs can increase observed fish without proving new production, and short-term plankton responses to wind-farm noise are effects—not yet evidence of ecological benefit or harm.

Land Manager Watch

Evidence for decisions on land, water and habitat

Peer-reviewed · Washoe Tribal lands, Pine Nut Mountains, Nevada, USA

For post-fire pinyon planting, the microsite changed first-year survival by roughly fourfold

On Washoe Tribal lands, seedlings beside grasses and forbs or under shrubs survived far better than seedlings placed in open interspaces—and shade benefits depended on topographic position.

Management read

For land managers, placement is part of the restoration treatment. Planting into the same burned landscape without accounting for nurse vegetation, exposure and topography can produce very different establishment outcomes. A microsite-informed planting plan may buy more survival from the same number of seedlings. Caveats / uncertainty: These are first-year survival results for a specific pinyon species and landscape, not long-term establishment rates or a universal rule that shade is always beneficial. Exact culturally sensitive locations were protected under Tribal data-sovereignty practices, and managers elsewhere should recalibrate microsites to local soils, exposure and climate.

Evidence note: This section summarizes the current evidence and Wild Lands interpretation; the full assessment preserves methods, uncertainty, caveats and source context.

Read the full evidence, caveats & Land Manager analysis →

Priority Reads

The evidence that deserves a closer look.

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Peer-reviewed Global

Peatland restoration delivers far more climate benefit when location is treated as part of the intervention

A global optimization study found that restoring the right 30% of drained inland peatlands could cut roughly three times more greenhouse-gas emissions than restoring the same area without climate-based targeting.

Evidence
Peer-reviewed
Geography
Global inland peatlands
System
Drained inland peatlands

WHAT THE EVIDENCE SAYS

A spatial optimization framework compared restoration strategies across drained inland peatlands. Restoring 30% of drained area where greenhouse-gas reductions were highest produced an estimated 0.91 ± 0.17 Pg CO2e per year of emissions reduction, versus 0.27 ± 0.11 Pg CO2e per year for a randomized allocation. Strategies prioritizing water quality or flood mitigation still retained substantial climate benefits, while the best near-term locations did not always align with areas expected to minimize future methane emissions.

WHY IT MATTERS / OUR READ

The important signal is not simply that peatlands matter for climate. It is that restoration geography and objective-setting can change the return on the same amount of effort by multiples. A portfolio designed around carbon, flood mitigation or water quality will not be identical, but the study shows room to find co-benefit rather than treating objectives as automatically competing.

CAVEATS / UNCERTAINTY

This is a global optimization model, not a site-level restoration prescription. Results depend on mapped peatland extent, emissions factors and assumed restoration effects; local feasibility, land tenure, hydrology and future methane dynamics can change priorities.

SOURCE

Ecological Applications · Original evidence
View original evidence ↗

Read the Wild Lands assessment
Peer-reviewed Global

Tropical rainforests lost 18% of undisturbed cover since 1990 while edge exposure increased

Annual land-use maps show forest loss and fragmentation moving together across the tropics, with especially large declines in Southeast Asia and West Africa.

Evidence
Peer-reviewed
Geography
Pantropical rainforest regions, 1990–2023
System
Tropical rainforests

WHAT THE EVIDENCE SAYS

Annual tropical land-use maps from 1990–2023 indicate an 18.1% loss of undisturbed rainforest cover. Losses were uneven: about 25% in Asia, 14.8% in Africa and 14.5% in the Americas, with especially large regional declines in Southeast Asia, West Africa, the Amazon deforestation arc and Central America. The area of remaining forest within 100 metres of an edge increased by about 6.6%, showing that fragmentation rose alongside outright loss.

WHY IT MATTERS / OUR READ

Forest area and forest configuration are different conservation variables. A landscape can retain mapped rainforest while exposing more of it to edge-related changes in microclimate, disturbance and access. Monitoring only net area can therefore understate how much interior habitat and ecological continuity have changed.

CAVEATS / UNCERTAINTY

The analysis depends on remote-sensing classifications and a fixed 100-m edge-distance metric. Edge exposure is a structural proxy, not a direct measurement of biodiversity loss or microclimatic change at every site.

SOURCE

Scientific Reports · Original evidence
View original evidence ↗

Read the Wild Lands assessment
Peer-reviewed Africa

Forecasts alone may not be enough to help pastoralists adapt to more variable rainfall

A seven-country southern African model found weather-informed herd decisions worked better when households also had tools that buffered losses in bad years.

Evidence
Peer-reviewed
Geography
Pastoral and agropastoral rangelands across seven southern African countries
System
Semi-arid pastoral rangelands

WHAT THE EVIDENCE SAYS

An agent-based modeling study spanning seven southern African countries tested how increasing rainfall variability affects pastoral household wellbeing and inequality. Greater precipitation variability reduced modeled wellbeing and widened inequality. Forecast-informed herd management helped, but performed better when paired with risk-smoothing options such as supplemental fodder that allow households to respond to bad years without simply carrying larger herds.

WHY IT MATTERS / OUR READ

Information is not the same as adaptive capacity. Forecasts become more useful when managers and households also have practical options for acting on them. The broader lesson for climate adaptation is that decision support, financial or material buffers and ecological stocking constraints have to be designed together.

CAVEATS / UNCERTAINTY

This is an agent-based model rather than a randomized field trial, and pastoral systems differ in land tenure, mobility, markets, institutions and herd composition. The modeled strategies should be treated as hypotheses for locally grounded adaptation design.

SOURCE

Nature Sustainability · Original evidence
View original evidence ↗

Read the Wild Lands assessment
Peer-reviewed Asia

African swine fever has become a biodiversity crisis for Asia’s endemic wild pigs

A new conservation roadmap says disease-driven collapses now threaten several suid species and require wildlife surveillance, livestock-interface controls, ex-situ planning and vaccine research to move together.

Evidence
Peer-reviewed
Geography
Asia, focused on endemic wild suids
System
Wild suids and wildlife–livestock disease interfaces

WHAT THE EVIDENCE SAYS

A conservation roadmap synthesizes the spread and impacts of African swine fever across Asia’s endemic wild pigs. Confirmed infection has been documented in at least four endemic species and is suspected in two more, with severe population declines contributing to recent conservation-status concerns and uplistings. The roadmap calls for coordinated wildlife surveillance, livestock-interface management, contingency ex-situ conservation, sustained financing and vaccine research.

WHY IT MATTERS / OUR READ

A livestock pathogen can become a biodiversity threat when spillover reaches small, fragmented wildlife populations. That pushes disease management beyond veterinary containment: conservation status, protected-area surveillance, farm biosecurity and species-recovery planning become parts of the same One Health problem.

CAVEATS / UNCERTAINTY

This is a roadmap and evidence synthesis, not an experiment estimating one uniform mortality rate. Surveillance intensity varies among species and countries, and suspected infections should not be treated as confirmed disease events.

SOURCE

Nature Reviews Biodiversity · Roadmap / synthesis
View original evidence ↗

Read the Wild Lands assessment

Global Radar

A wider field of view.

  1. Peer-reviewed North America

    Seven years later, prairie soil inoculation still changed what came back aboveground

    Old-growth prairie microbes and stronger site preparation shifted invaded grassland restoration toward later-successional natives and higher floristic quality.

    Evidence
    Peer-reviewed
    Geography
    Tallgrass prairie restoration sites, United States
    System
    Invaded tallgrass prairie

    WHAT THE EVIDENCE SAYS

    A seven-year restoration experiment tested site preparation, native seed addition and soil microbial inocula sourced from old-growth prairie. Solarization followed by native microbial inoculation produced more late-successional native species and higher floristic quality than several other treatments. Repeated overseeding without strong site preparation mostly increased grasses and still left the community grass-dominated after three seeding attempts.

    WHY IT MATTERS / OUR READ

    Restoration can inherit a biological starting condition belowground as well as aboveground. Where invasion and degraded soil communities reinforce one another, simply adding more seed may not move the system onto the desired trajectory; site preparation and microbial context can be part of the treatment.

    CAVEATS / UNCERTAINTY

    This is one long-term grassland experiment, and microbial inoculation methods, donor soils and invasion pressure will differ elsewhere. The results do not imply that soil inoculation is necessary or feasible in every prairie restoration.

    SOURCE

    Ecological Applications · Original evidence
    View original evidence ↗

    Read the Wild Lands assessment
  2. Peer-reviewed

    Coastal wetland restoration does not mature along one smooth recovery curve

    Restored saltmarsh and mangrove sites aged 6–33 years showed different, often nonlinear trajectories in traits linked to ecosystem services.

    Evidence
    Peer-reviewed
    Geography
    Eastern Australia
    System
    Restored mangrove and saltmarsh wetlands

    WHAT THE EVIDENCE SAYS

    Researchers compared restored coastal wetlands spanning roughly 6–33 years since restoration in eastern Australia, using a space-for-time design to examine vegetation and soil traits associated with ecosystem services. Different attributes followed different trajectories through time rather than converging along one simple linear recovery curve.

    WHY IT MATTERS / OUR READ

    Restoration age is a weak substitute for ecological function when different processes recover at different rates. Monitoring plans should therefore track the specific functions or traits tied to project objectives instead of assuming that an older site is uniformly closer to reference condition.

    CAVEATS / UNCERTAINTY

    The study uses a chronosequence rather than repeated measurements of the same sites over decades. Site history, hydrology and landscape context can be confounded with restoration age, and trait recovery does not guarantee every ecosystem service.

    SOURCE

    Ecological Applications · Original evidence
    View original evidence ↗

    Read the Wild Lands assessment
  3. Peer-reviewed North America

    Prairie seed mixes performed best across several services at intermediate grass-to-forb ratios

    Four years of Iowa restoration plots found a hump-shaped response in richness, flowering, pollinator visits and invasion resistance—without a detectable productivity penalty.

    Evidence
    Peer-reviewed
    Geography
    Iowa, USA
    System
    Tallgrass prairie restoration plots

    WHAT THE EVIDENCE SAYS

    An Iowa experiment established prairie mixes across 11 grass-to-forb seed ratios and followed them for four years. Plant richness, flower production, volunteer biomass and pollinator and butterfly visitation showed nonlinear responses, with several outcomes strongest at intermediate grass-to-forb ratios. Net primary productivity did not show a significant relationship with the seed ratio.

    WHY IT MATTERS / OUR READ

    Seed-mix composition is a design variable, not just a species list. An intermediate functional balance may support multiple restoration objectives at once rather than forcing managers to choose between floral resources, resistance to unwanted colonists and standing productivity.

    CAVEATS / UNCERTAINTY

    The results come from one experimental restoration setting over four years. Optimal ratios will depend on species identities, soils, climate and management, and a null productivity response does not guarantee equal forage or habitat function.

    SOURCE

    Ecological Applications · Original evidence
    View original evidence ↗

    Read the Wild Lands assessment
  4. Peer-reviewed Latin America & Caribbean

    Amazonian stream degradation changed dragonfly and damselfly composition before it erased richness

    Thirty eastern Amazon streams shifted from sensitive Zygoptera toward more tolerant Anisoptera along habitat-integrity and water-quality gradients.

    Evidence
    Peer-reviewed
    Geography
    Eastern Amazon, Brazil
    System
    Headwater streams and riparian forest

    WHAT THE EVIDENCE SAYS

    Surveys across 30 eastern Amazon streams related Odonata assemblages to habitat integrity and water quality. More preserved streams supported greater representation of Zygoptera, while more degraded conditions favored relatively tolerant Anisoptera. Community composition changed along the degradation gradient even where simple species-count responses were less diagnostic.

    WHY IT MATTERS / OUR READ

    A biological indicator can lose sensitivity when it is reduced to total richness. Composition—and which ecological strategies replace which others—may reveal degradation before a headline count makes the change obvious.

    CAVEATS / UNCERTAINTY

    This is an observational regional study, and odonate responses integrate several correlated environmental changes. Taxon-specific composition should complement, not replace, direct measurements of riparian condition and water quality.

    SOURCE

    Journal of Insect Conservation · Original evidence
    View original evidence ↗

    Read the Wild Lands assessment
  5. Peer-reviewed Global

    Artificial reefs usually add fish relative to bare seafloor—but ‘augmentation’ still does not prove production

    A global synthesis of 166 studies found higher fish abundance and richness around artificial reef units, while exposing how rarely studies can distinguish attraction from new production.

    Evidence
    Peer-reviewed
    Geography
    Global coastal and shelf systems
    System
    Artificial reefs and adjacent soft-bottom habitat

    WHAT THE EVIDENCE SAYS

    A global synthesis reviewed 166 studies of artificial reef units and fish assemblages. Fish abundance and species richness were generally higher around artificial structures than in comparison soft-sediment habitat, but only a minority of studies used designs capable of directly pairing reef units with nearby unstructured seabed in ways that help separate local aggregation from broader production.

    WHY IT MATTERS / OUR READ

    Artificial structures can clearly reorganize where fish occur, yet more fish at the structure is not automatically evidence of more fish produced by the ecosystem. Monitoring design has to match the management claim being made.

    CAVEATS / UNCERTAINTY

    The literature spans many reef designs, habitats, taxa and study methods. Higher local abundance can reflect attraction, redistribution or production, and the synthesis does not establish one universal ecological outcome for artificial reefs.

    SOURCE

    ICES Journal of Marine Science · Original evidence
    View original evidence ↗

    Read the Wild Lands assessment
  6. Peer-reviewed North America

    Beaver-dam analogues helped coho persist through drought where neighboring populations collapsed

    Longitudinal monitoring in California’s Klamath Basin linked restored slow-water habitat to cooler refuges, higher juvenile survival and stronger adult returns.

    Evidence
    Peer-reviewed
    Geography
    Scott River tributaries, northern California, USA
    System
    Drought-prone salmon streams and riparian wetlands

    WHAT THE EVIDENCE SAYS

    Longitudinal monitoring in Scott River tributaries evaluated beaver-dam analogues and associated off-channel habitat for coho salmon. Restored reaches retained more slow, cooler water during drought, supported thousands of additional juveniles, and in French Creek mean juvenile survival increased from roughly 8% before restoration to about 60% afterward. Adult returns also strengthened relative to neighboring unrestored systems.

    WHY IT MATTERS / OUR READ

    Process-based restoration can change what a drought means biologically. The structures did not remove regional drought; they changed local hydrology and habitat so fish had refuges when neighboring channels contracted.

    CAVEATS / UNCERTAINTY

    This is a watershed-scale before/after observational restoration study rather than a randomized experiment. Responses depend on geomorphology, groundwater, maintenance, fish access and drought severity, so effect sizes should not be generalized unchanged to other basins.

    SOURCE

    Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · Original evidence
    View original evidence ↗

    NOAA Fisheries · Research summary
    View research summary ↗

    Read the Wild Lands assessment
  7. Peer-reviewed North America

    Forest seed sourcing is moving from climate matching toward genomic evidence

    A new forestry synthesis lays out four ways genomic and epigenetic tools could identify vulnerable tree populations and better seed sources under warming.

    Evidence
    Peer-reviewed
    Geography
    California examples with broader forestry relevance
    System
    Forest tree populations and seed-transfer systems

    WHAT THE EVIDENCE SAYS

    A forestry forum synthesizes emerging genomic tools for climate adaptation, including combining provenance and genetic information, using climate-gradient genomics to identify locally adapted variants, assessing stress-related gene expression, and applying epigenetic evidence to population vulnerability and seed sourcing. California tree examples illustrate how these approaches could complement conventional seed zones.

    WHY IT MATTERS / OUR READ

    Assisted migration and seed transfer are increasingly becoming information problems as well as nursery problems. Genomics may help distinguish populations that look similar now but have different adaptive potential under future climates.

    CAVEATS / UNCERTAINTY

    Several proposed genomic and epigenetic applications remain emerging rather than routine operational tools. Genomic signals should complement common-garden trials, provenance history, local ecology and genetic-diversity safeguards rather than replace them.

    SOURCE

    Journal of Forestry · Forum / evidence synthesis
    View original evidence ↗

    Read the Wild Lands assessment
  8. Peer-reviewed North America

    Juvenile male wild turkeys survived better where open forage cover was less fragmented by dense young forest

    A Tennessee telemetry study estimates annual survival at 0.73 and finds landscape configuration—not simply the presence of ‘young forest’—changes the relationship between cover and survival.

    Evidence
    Peer-reviewed
    Geography
    Tennessee, USA
    System
    Southeastern agricultural–forest mosaic

    WHAT THE EVIDENCE SAYS

    Researchers radio-tagged 136 juvenile male wild turkeys in Tennessee and estimated annual survival at 0.73. The birds selected landscapes with smaller row-crop patches and less developed and young-forest cover. Survival increased with use of hay and pasture interiors but declined as young forest became more interspersed across the landscape, indicating that the configuration of cover mattered as well as its presence.

    WHY IT MATTERS / OUR READ

    Habitat categories are not prescriptions by themselves. ‘Young forest’ can be valuable in one ecological role while still creating unfavorable configuration for another life stage or movement pattern. Management should ask how patches are arranged and used, not merely how many acres of each cover type exist.

    CAVEATS / UNCERTAINTY

    The study focuses on juvenile males in one state and does not establish a universal habitat recipe for wild turkey populations. Selection, survival and reproductive habitat can respond differently, and landscape relationships may vary with predator communities and regional land use.

    SOURCE

    Journal of Wildlife Management · Original evidence
    View original evidence ↗

    Wild Turkey Science / Natural Resources University · Research discussion
    View supporting source ↗

    Read the Wild Lands assessment
  9. Peer-reviewed North America

    Nature-based shoreline restoration can fail in the permitting system long before it fails ecologically

    Interviews and workshops in the New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary trace delays to industrial-era regulatory structures, overlapping mandates and difficulty accommodating adaptive projects.

    Evidence
    Peer-reviewed
    Geography
    New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary, USA
    System
    Urban estuary and nature-based shoreline projects

    WHAT THE EVIDENCE SAYS

    Researchers used two workshops and 41 semi-structured interviews with practitioners involved in nature-based shoreline and habitat projects in the New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary. Recurring barriers included industrial-style regulatory treatment of restoration materials, overlapping agencies with different mandates, limited institutional capacity, and difficulty permitting projects designed to evolve adaptively through time.

    WHY IT MATTERS / OUR READ

    Implementation institutions are part of ecological feasibility. A restoration technique can be biologically credible yet remain functionally unavailable if regulatory categories, review timelines and maintenance rules were designed for static infrastructure rather than dynamic ecological projects.

    CAVEATS / UNCERTAINTY

    The study documents practitioner experience in one heavily regulated estuary and does not measure ecological success rates caused by permitting. Interview evidence can identify recurring institutional barriers without quantifying how much each one delays or changes outcomes.

    SOURCE

    Socio-Ecological Practice Research · Original evidence
    View original evidence ↗

    Read the Wild Lands assessment
  10. Peer-reviewed Africa

    A Nigerian campus study finds termite communities shifting across different kinds of human-used land

    Small-plot surveys at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka provide a fresh regional baseline for an overlooked group of ecosystem engineers.

    Evidence
    Peer-reviewed
    Geography
    Nsukka, Nigeria
    System
    Human-modified tropical campus, farmland and built environments

    WHAT THE EVIDENCE SAYS

    Sampling across three land-use settings at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka recorded 327 termites representing eight species. Farmland had the highest termite abundance, while the school environment had the highest Shannon diversity in the study sample, indicating that different forms of human land use supported different assemblages rather than one simple decline gradient.

    WHY IT MATTERS / OUR READ

    Termites are major decomposers and soil engineers in tropical landscapes, yet they are rarely included in routine land-use assessments. Even a small regional baseline can broaden what managers consider when evaluating how working and developed land reshapes ecological function.

    CAVEATS / UNCERTAINTY

    This is a small, short-duration campus-scale study and should be treated as a local baseline rather than a regional causal estimate. Sampling effort, season and microhabitat can strongly influence termite detections.

    SOURCE

    Animal Research International / AJOL · Original evidence
    View original evidence ↗

    Read the Wild Lands assessment

Landscape / City Watch

Cities are ecological systems.

Peer-reviewed Asia

Urban bird planning may need different green-space geometry for residents and migrants

More than 116,000 citizen-science records from Nanjing suggest compact green-space concentration and distributed green share can favor different bird groups depending on season and total green cover.

Evidence
Peer-reviewed
Geography
Nanjing, China
System
Urban green-space network on the East Asian–Australasian Flyway

WHAT THE EVIDENCE SAYS

Researchers analyzed 116,387 citizen-science bird records from 2022–2024 across Nanjing and compared land-sparing and land-sharing patterns at multiple spatial scales. Concentrated green space tended to support higher diversity, especially for resident birds where total green cover was below about 50%, while more distributed green share could favor migrants in greener landscapes and during non-breeding periods. Human footprint was a consistent predictor, and several sparing-versus-sharing contrasts were not statistically significant.

WHY IT MATTERS / OUR READ

Urban biodiversity design may not have one universal green-space geometry. Residents and migrants use the city differently, and the useful scale of planning may be neighborhood-sized rather than parcel-sized. That argues for network design based on movement and seasonal function, not only total acreage.

CAVEATS / UNCERTAINTY

Citizen-science records are uneven in observation effort and the study is observational. The reported threshold-like patterns should not be treated as a fixed 50% design standard, and effects may differ among cities with different climates, species pools and urban forms.

SOURCE

Landscape Ecology · Original evidence
View original evidence ↗

Read the Wild Lands assessment

September 16, 2026 · Issue 006

Today’s strongest thread is that ecological interventions become more effective when location, configuration, history and implementation capacity are treated as part of the treatment rather than as background context. Peatland restoration delivers very different climate returns depending on where it is placed; tropical rainforest loss is being compounded by growing edge exposure; pastoral adaptation works better when forecast information is paired with practical risk buffers; and disease management for Asia’s endemic wild pigs now has to connect wildlife conservation with livestock systems. Across restoration, working lands, cities and infrastructure, the useful question is rarely just whether to restore, protect or reduce pressure—it is where, how, under what starting conditions, and with what institutional capacity.

Editorial thread to watch

Three patterns recur. First, configuration matters: forest edges, prairie seed ratios, post-fire pinyon microsites and urban green-space geometry all alter outcomes after coarse habitat categories stop being informative. Second, implementation systems matter: beaver-dam analogues can rebuild drought refuges, while nature-based shoreline projects can still stall inside regulatory systems designed for static infrastructure. Third, single-axis management labels remain dangerous. Reduced inputs did not explain soil condition as well as cropping-system identity, artificial reefs can increase observed fish without proving new production, and short-term plankton responses to wind-farm noise are effects—not yet evidence of ecological benefit or harm.

Land Manager Watch

Evidence for decisions on land, water and habitat

Peer-reviewed · Washoe Tribal lands, Pine Nut Mountains, Nevada, USA

For post-fire pinyon planting, the microsite changed first-year survival by roughly fourfold

On Washoe Tribal lands, seedlings beside grasses and forbs or under shrubs survived far better than seedlings placed in open interspaces—and shade benefits depended on topographic position.

Management read

For land managers, placement is part of the restoration treatment. Planting into the same burned landscape without accounting for nurse vegetation, exposure and topography can produce very different establishment outcomes. A microsite-informed planting plan may buy more survival from the same number of seedlings. Caveats / uncertainty: These are first-year survival results for a specific pinyon species and landscape, not long-term establishment rates or a universal rule that shade is always beneficial. Exact culturally sensitive locations were protected under Tribal data-sovereignty practices, and managers elsewhere should recalibrate microsites to local soils, exposure and climate.

Evidence note: This section summarizes the current evidence and Wild Lands interpretation; the full assessment preserves methods, uncertainty, caveats and source context.

Read the full evidence, caveats & Land Manager analysis →