WHAT THE EVIDENCE SAYS
The study combined 48 community surveys, interviews and participatory mapping with 2000–2023 land-cover analysis and a dynamic socio-hydrological model. Indigenous norms and ritual practices remain central to water management, while agricultural expansion and forest loss increase pressure; modeled scenarios suggest Indigenous governance can slow deterioration but that co-governance with state institutions is more robust under mounting pressure.
WHY IT MATTERS / OUR READ
The result argues against treating traditional knowledge and formal institutions as competing substitutes. Durable watershed governance may depend on institutional arrangements that preserve Indigenous authority and knowledge while connecting them to broader regulatory capacity.
CAVEATS / UNCERTAINTY
The community sample was purposive rather than statistically representative, and the co-governance result comes partly from a model whose parameters embed assumptions and field interpretation. It should inform governance design, not be read as a universal causal estimate.
SOURCE
Human Ecology
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